Admin 
Section 103 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1898, lays down the statutory procedure for conducting searches by police officials under Chapter VII of the Code. Under section 103 Cr.P.C. independent witnesses are mandatorily required to be associated in search and recovery proceedings to ensure transparency and fairness. The object of this provision is to … Read more
One of the most firmly settled doctrines in Pakistani civil jurisprudence is that parties are bound by their pleadings. Courts do not decide cases on evolving or improvised narratives, but strictly on what has been formally pleaded and subsequently proved. The rule that no evidence can be led beyond pleadings serves as a cornerstone of … Read more
Dowry disputes remain one of the most frequently litigated issues in Pakistani family courts. From questions of proof and valuation to limitation and execution, dowry articles cases often hinge on how well pleadings are drafted and how effectively precedents are invoked. Over the years, the superior courts of Pakistan have developed a rich body of … Read more
In the world of law, the way you ask a question often determines the answer you get. This is especially true when it comes to seeking a “declaration” from a court, a formal statement about a legal right, status, or duty. A fundamental rule that governs this process is the prohibition against seeking a “negative … Read more
Labour laws form the critical legal framework that governs the relationship between employers, employees, trade unions, and the government. They are designed to protect workers from exploitation, ensure safe working conditions, guarantee fair wages, and provide social security. In Pakistan, a nation with a vast and diverse workforce, the evolution and implementation of these laws … Read more
In the legal jurisprudence of Pakistan and India, it is a well-settled principle that a civil suit filed against a person who was already dead at the time of its institution is a nullity in the eyes of law. The courts regard such a suit as stillborn, incapable of being revived through the inclusion of … Read more
Case property refers to any physical item or evidence collected during an investigation and presented before the court during a criminal trial. It plays a crucial role in establishing the guilt or innocence of an accused. Proper sealing, sampling, chain of safe custody and production of case property before the court are vital for ensuring … Read more
The Registers of Patwari plays a fundamental role in Pakistan’s land revenue system. It is an essential record maintained by Patwaris, who are government appointed officials responsible for keeping track of land ownership, revenue collection, and agricultural statistics in rural areas. These registers serves as the primary documentation for land transactions, ownership claims, and disputes. … Read more
The National Assembly of Pakistan is the lower legislative house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan, the upper house being the Senate. Established under the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, the National Assembly is the principal legislative body responsible for national lawmaking, government oversight, and representing public interests. Pakistan’s parliamentary history dates back to independence in … Read more
​In Pakistan, co-ownership of joint immovable property involves multiple individuals holding shared interests in a single property. The rights and restrictions of these co-sharers are governed by a combination of statutory laws and judicial precedents. Co-sharers in joint immovable property in Pakistan have specific rights, including possession, use, alienation of their share, and the right … Read more
The Sales Tax Act 1990 has a significant role in transforming the taxation system of Pakistan. Through this legislation, the country established an effective framework that aimed to raise revenue, boost compliance, and bring Pakistan’s taxation procedures into line with global norms. Due to the Act’s broad impact on a variety of economic activities, it … Read more
By enacting the Companies Act 2017 in Pakistan, the legislature has replaced the previous outdated Companies Ordinance 1984. The 2017 Act aligned the country’s corporate laws with the international standards which improved the business activities in the country. It aims to promote transparency, enhance corporate governance and provide a conducive environment to investors which helps … Read more
It is a well known fact that the litigation process is Pakistan is very lengthy and expensive. It is also no secret that a number of cases base on false and manipulated fact for some wrongful gains. In this scenario, it has become the need of time to adopt a mechanism to repulse such kind … Read more
An auction in execution proceedings refers to the sale of the judgement debtor’s property to satisfy a court judgment. Completion of due requirements, successful bidding and purchase of property results in creating certain rights of auction purchaser in execution proceedings. These rights base on the principle that a bona fide buyer at such sale, conducted … Read more
Order XVI rule 1 of the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908, emphasizes the submission of list of witnesses in civil cases within the period of seven days by the parties to the suit. By requiring this disclosure, the law aims to prevent surprise, to promote transparency so as to allow both sides adequate time to … Read more
In Pakistan, the liability of surety in execution of decree arises where the judgement debtor fails to comply it. Surety becomes liable because he himself undertook before the court to ensure the payment of a decreed amount or performance of a specific act as ordered by the court, in case of failure of judgement debtor … Read more
The rise of 5G and 6G technologies marks a digital revolution, enabling rapid global information exchange. However, this progress has led to a rapid increase in cybercrimes. Cybersecurity experts predict that by 2025, global online frauds and offences etc could cost up to $10.5 trillion annually. Pakistan has experienced an 83% increase in digital offences … Read more
There are various legal mechanism to protect the intellectual property rights in Pakistan. These protections include copyrights, patents, trademarks, and industrial designs etc. The regulatory body here is intellectual property organization of Pakistan (IPO-Pakistan) that is responsible for the administration and enforcement of laws relating to the IPRs in the country. Pakistan is also a … Read more
Like all other electricity supply companies of Pakistan, in Lahore division, the Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) plays a pivotal role in ensuring the delivery of electricity to millions of consumers. An integral component of this supply chain is the electricity meter, a guage responsible for accurately measuring the consumption of electrical energy. However, when … Read more
The legal doctrine of election, rooted in fundamental principles of jurisprudence, is the act of choosing between two or more remedies or legal options available to address a particular issue or dispute. According to the 11th Edition of Black’s Law Dictionary, “Election” is defined as: “”the exercise of choice; particularly, the act of selecting from … Read more